Honor Killings or Shame Killings in Asia

In many of the countries of South Asia and the Middle East, women can be targeted by their own families for death in what is known as â€Å"honor killings.† Often the victim has acted in a way that seems unremarkable to observers from other cultures; she has sought a divorce, refused to go through with an arranged marriage, or had an affair. In the most horrifying cases, a woman who suffers a rape then gets murdered by her own relatives. Yet, in highly patriarchal cultures, these actions – even being the victim of a sexual assault – are often seen as a blot on the honor and the reputation of the woman’s entire family, and her family may decide to maim or kill her. A woman (or rarely, a man) does not have to actually break any cultural taboos in order to become an honor killing victim. Just the suggestion that she has behaved inappropriately may be enough to seal her fate, and her relatives will not give her a chance to defend herself before carrying out the execution. In fact, women have been killed when their families knew they were completely innocent; just the fact that rumors had started going around was enough to dishonor the family, so the accused woman had to be killed. Writing for the United Nations, Dr. Aisha Gill defines an honor killing or honor violence as: ...any form of violence perpetrated against females within the framework of patriarchal family structures, communities, and/or societies, where the main justification for the perpetration of violence is the protection of a social construction of ‘honour’ as a value-system, norm, or tradition. In some cases, however, men may also be victims of honor killing, particularly if they are suspected of being homosexual, or if they refuse to marry the bride selected for them by their family. Honor killings take many different forms, including shooting, strangling, drowning, acid attacks, burning, stoning, or burying the victim alive. What is the justification for this horrific intrafamilial violence?   A report published by Canada’s Department of Justice quotes Dr. Sharif Kanaana of Birzeit University, who notes that honor killing in Arab cultures is not solely or even primarily about controlling a woman’s sexuality, per se.  Rather, Dr. Kanaana states: What the men of the family, clan, or tribe seek control of in a patrilineal society is reproductive power.  Women for the tribe were considered a factory for making men. The honor killing is not a means to control sexual power or behavior. What’s behind it is the issue of fertility, or reproductive power. Interestingly, honor murders are usually carried out by the fathers, brothers, or uncles of the victims – not by husbands. Although in a patriarchal society, wives are seen as the property of their husbands, any alleged misbehavior reflects dishonor on their birth families rather than their husbands’ families. Thus, a married woman who is accused of transgressing cultural norms is usually killed by her blood relatives. How did this tradition begin? Honor killing today is often associated in western minds and media with Islam, or less commonly with Hinduism, because it happens most often in Muslim or Hindu countries.  In fact, it is a cultural phenomenon separate from religion. First, let’s consider the sexual mores embedded in Hinduism. Unlike the major monotheistic religions, Hinduism does not consider sexual desire to be unclean or evil in any way, although sex just for the sake of lust is frowned upon. However, as with all other issues in Hinduism, questions such as the appropriateness of extramarital sex depend in large part upon the caste of the persons involved. It was never appropriate for a Brahmin to have sexual relations with a low caste person, for example. Indeed, in the Hindu context, most honor killings have been of couples from very different castes who fell in love. They might be killed for refusing to marry a different partner chosen by their families, or for secretly marrying the partner of their own choice. Premarital sex was also a taboo for Hindu women, in particular, as shown by the fact that brides are always referred to as â€Å"maidens† in the Vedas. In addition, boys from the Brahmin caste were strictly forbidden from breaking their celibacy, usually until around the age of 30. They were required to devote their time and energy to priestly studies, and avoid distractions such as young women. We could find no historical record of young Brahmin men being killed by their families if they strayed from their studies and sought the pleasures of the flesh. Honor Killing and Islam In the pre-Islamic cultures of the Arabian Peninsula and also of what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan, society was highly patriarchal. A woman’s reproductive potential belonged to her birth family and could be â€Å"spent† any way they chose – preferably through a marriage that would strengthen the family or clan financially or militarily. However, if a woman brought so-called dishonor on that family or clan, by allegedly engaging in premarital or extramarital sex (whether consensual or not), her family had the right to â€Å"spend† her future reproductive capacity by killing her. When Islam developed and spread throughout this region, it actually brought a different perspective on this question. Neither the Koran itself nor the hadiths make any mention of honor killing, good or bad. Extra-judicial killings, in general, are forbidden by sharia law; this includes honor killings because they are carried out by the victim’s family, rather than by a court of law. This is not to say that the Koran and sharia condone premarital or extramarital relationships. Under the most common interpretations of sharia, premarital sex is punishable by up to 100 lashes for both men and women, while adulterers of either gender can be stoned to death. Nonetheless, today many men in Arab nations such as ​Saudi Arabia, ​Iraq, and Jordan, as well as in Pashtun areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan, adhere to the tradition of honor killing rather than taking the accused persons to court. It is notable that in other predominantly Islamic nations, such as Indonesia, Senegal, Bangladesh, Niger, and Mali, honor killing is a practically unknown phenomenon.  This strongly supports the idea that honor killing is a cultural tradition, rather than a religious one. Impact of Honor Killing Culture The honor killing cultures that were born in pre-Islamic Arabia and South Asia have a world-wide impact today. Estimates of the number of women murdered each year in honor killings range from the United Nations’ 2000 estimate of about 5,000 dead to a BBC report’s estimate based on humanitarian organizations’ counts of more than 20,000. Growing communities of Arab, Pakistani, and Afghan people in western countries also means that the issue of honor killings is making itself felt across Europe, the US, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. High-profile cases, such as the 2009 murder of an Iraqi-American woman named Noor Almaleki, have horrified western observers. According to a CBS News report on the incident, Almaleki was raised in Arizona from the age of four and was highly westernized. She was independent-minded, liked to wear blue jeans, and, at age 20, had moved out of her parents’ home and was living with her boyfriend and his mother. Her father, enraged that she had rejected an arranged marriage and moved in with her boyfriend, ran her over with his minivan and killed her. Incidents like Noor Almaleki’s murder, and similar killings in Britain, Canada, and elsewhere, highlight an additional danger for the female children of immigrants from honor killing cultures.  Girls who acculturate to their new countries – and most children do – are extremely vulnerable to honor attacks. They absorb the ideas, attitudes, fashions, and social mores of the western world. As a result, their fathers, uncles, and other male relatives feel that they are losing the family honor because they no longer have control over the girls’ reproductive potential. The outcome, in too many cases, is murder. Sources Julia Dahl. â€Å"Honor killing under growing scrutiny in the U.S.,† CBS News, April 5, 2012. Department of Justice, Canada. â€Å"Historical Context – Origins of Honour Killing,† Preliminary Examination of so-called â€Å"Honour Killings† in Canada, Sept. 4, 2015. Dr. Aisha Gill. â€Å"Honour Killings and the Quest for Justice in Black and Minority Ethnic Communities in the UK,† United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. June 12, 2009. â€Å"Honor Violence Factsheet,† Honor Diaries. Accessed May 25, 2016. Jayaram V. â€Å"Hinduism and Premarital Relationships,† Hinduwebsite.com. Accessed May 25, 2016. Ahmed Maher. â€Å"Many Jordan teenagers ‘support honour killings,† BBC News. June 20, 2013.

The Stages Of Piaget s Development Theory - 1500 Words

This essay is concerned with the Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget’s development theory, which he described as â€Å"a major turning point in a child’s cognitive development as it is the beginning of logical thought processes† (Piaget, 1954). This typically occurs between seven and eleven years of age. It will describe the developmental tests used to evidence development and evaluate the strengths and weakness of the theory in relation to the stage and tests used. During this stage, children develop and are able to use logical reasoning as long as it can be applied to concrete and specific examples they are familiar with, such as their own experiences and people, places and objects they know and have experienced however, abstract thought and â€Å"what if† scenarios are still beyond their thinking. They are able to understand conservation, which Mcleod.S.A (2010) defines as understanding that something remains the same even though its appearance changes, which coincides with the development of reversibility and knowing that numbers/object appearances can be changed and then returned to their original condition with no lasting effects. It is a mental process which allows the reversal of a chain of events or restoration of a changed state to original condition (Piaget,J Inhelder,B. 1956). Their classification skills increase allowing objects to be grouped by mass, weight, height and colour and class inclusion develops, enabling the child to further separate the classified groups ofShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of The Stages Of Development Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagesamount or mass. 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Through his perceptions of his kids, Piaget builtRead MoreHow Does Piaget s Stage Theory Account For Children s Cognitive Development?1576 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Piaget’s stage theory account for children’s cognitive development? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) had a stage theory about cognitive development and how it works with children. There are 4 stages to this theory; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Piaget emphasised that they occur in this order. (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2015, p. 446). He considered the fact that the way child’s mind develops, intellectually, is a continuous process of Assimilation and AccommodationRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will betterRead MoreDiscuss Piagets theory of cognitive development1235 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Development can be defined as the development of thought processes. This includes thinking, concept understanding, problem solving, and decision making and remembering from childhood on to adulthood. There are two theories of Cognitive development that offer us two different ways of understanding it. The first is called Domain general. This theory states that one line of development determines all of the changes in a child’sRead MoreOutline the main similarities and differences between Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s explanations for cognitive development in children1702 Words   |  7 Pagesfor cognitive development in children. Piaget and Vygotsky were both, looking into the same period of cognitive development in infants and children and sharing the same basic concerns. Piaget (1896-1980) developing his theory slightly earlier than Vygotsky (1896-1934) who worked to show that there were certain flaws in Piaget s theory of genetic epistemology. Vogotsky and his social-cultural theory of cognitive development might be seen as the Soviet counterpart to Piaget s western individualist

Myers-Briggs Paper Free Essays

Mallory Simpson Psych 101: Myers-Briggs Paper Professor Baker 8/13/12 After taking the Myers-Briggs test, I am not at all surprised by the results I was given. 67% introvert is what I was distinctively ranked for personality type and I couldn’t agree more. Next on the list was 44% judging. We will write a custom essay sample on Myers-Briggs Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now This particular one leaves me wondering what type of judging? Is it being a judgmental person, or rather judging between the pros and cons of something, or maybe judging based on intuition or discernment. I think that a lot of people that know me would agree with this aspect also. 8% was the score for feeling. Although I agree with the order of the results, I would also put feeling number one. I am most definitely a feeling person. I would assume that this goes along with emotions also. Not only am I worried about how I may feel about a particular situation, I often wonder how the other person may feel as well. Lastly on the list I scored a 25% for sensing. When I think about the difference between an introvert and an extrovert, I think the biggest difference is the ability to sit back, relax, and see the bigger picture. A lot of introverts are quiet and observant and able to see things that an outgoing, always on the go, loud and talkative extrovert may miss. Of course, this may not be the case for every opposite, but I think for the majority it is true. An extrovert has the advantage to get out and seize the opportunity that an introvert may miss which is the biggest positive I see for an extrovert. The Myers-Briggs test was very insightful for me. â€Å"The wise of heart will receive commandments, but a babbling fool will come to ruin. † –Proverbs 10:8 How to cite Myers-Briggs Paper, Papers

Being a Doctor free essay sample

What exactly do they do and why is there so much prestige associated with that profession? Well, according to the American Heritage Dictionary. a doctor is a person, especially a physician, dentist, or veterinarian, trained in the healing arts and licensed to practice. According to me, a doctor is much more than that. Nice intro. Ever since I can remember, I have always dreamt of a career in medicine and the reason is not for something small like money or prestige. The reason that I want to become a doctor is the satisfaction that I would get from knowing that I made a ifference In someones life. When one is a doctor, people look up to that Individual when they are at their weakest point, and when they have no one else because a doctor helps maintain a sense of hope for the patient and his or her family. Knowing that I will be the person people turn to on their most unforgettable days, when there Is no other hope and it will be my responsibility to solve their problem and possibly save a life gives me satisfaction that has much more value than any amount of money. We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Doctor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the day I was born, I have never accepted failure. My parents would always tell e how when I was younger and did not know how to tie my shoes I would sit on the couch for hours trying to teach myself how to do it and ask my mom why I could not do it but everyone else could. I believe that the three most important qualities, which possess and can make a great doctor, are having empathy, being a good listener, and being compassionate. Doctors must be able to listen to their patients problems and fully understand them by putting themselves Into the patients position. I believe that having a good connection with patients and being able to talk to people are the ost important qualities that all doctors must possess in order to be effective. Many Instances In my life have reiterated my decision to become a doctor. Of all instances, one profoundly sticks out and has had the greatest influence on me becoming a doctor. The moment that has had the greatest influence on me is when I travelled to a remote village in India. Many of the people there were sick and malnourished but could not receive the help that they desperately sought from any type of medical professional. By seeing these people the one thing that I always anted to do was return there with some sort of help and possibly educate them or at least solve a few of their problems. It is from people like that from which I have gained my true love of medicine and what It can do for people. This paragraph would be more appropriate towards the beginning of the essay, rather than the end. As it is, there is no conclusion wrapping the essay up. Find a better spot for this section earlier on, and use this area for your conclusion. ) Being a Doctor By vdkJc What is a doctor? What exactly do they do and why is there so much prestige associated with that profession? Well, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, difference in someones life. When one is a doctor, people look up to that individual is no other hope and it will be my responsibility to solve their problem and possibly I possess and can make a great doctor, are having empathy, being a good listener, and fully understand them by putting themselves into the patients position. I believe Many instances in my life have reiterated my decision to become a doctor. Of all travelled toa remote village in India. Many of the people there were sick and gained my true love of medicine and what it can do for people. (This paragraph

American Association of Retired Persons

American Association of Retired Persons Introduction Social organizations refer to social institutions that are established to serve a specified task usually in the interest of the society at large. Over the years social organizations and groups have played important role in enlightening and mobilizing individuals over various issues facing the society hence contributing to society transformation. In the United States, these groups have significantly influenced the way of life as well as governance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Association of Retired Persons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More American association of retired persons (AARP) is one of the leading global organizations whose purpose constitutes promotion of positive social change in society. It was founded in 1958 at a time when the elderly experienced a lot of difficulties while acquiring life insurance. John Rother, the organization’s vice president for policy, strat egy and international affairs, approximates the number of members aged fifty and above to be over four million (AARP, 2010). This organization does not approach aging as a negative component in the society but analyses the world ageing demographics as the driving force to enhance transformation of the social policy that aim at improving the quality of life among people of all generations and all ages (AARP, 2010). The organization supports and promotes the ageing process all over the world through encouraging aging members to reside in places that promote decent living with affordable housing and accessible services, empowering and encouraging individuals to maintain their health and productivity, as well as promoting policies that provide healthy older people with opportunities to continue contributing towards the work force (AARP, 2010). This helps the older generation to maintain a source of income and provides diversity in the labor market. The organization further believes impr oved standards of living are directly related to longer lifespan. AARP provides an opportunity in which diverse societies can share the challenges and opportunities encountered as the members advance in age (AARP, 2010). The organization deals with issues that relate to improvement of the overall welfare of the population that is advancing in term of age and advocates for issues such as the elderly population access to affordable health care. In addition, the organization advocates for availability of retirement security through pension schemes as well as ensuring a firm background for traditional informal support system and creating effective policies around the global aging agenda (AARP, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Improved welfare among the elderly people in the society is associated with economic growth, social equity in distribution of resource s as well as ecological maintenance and preservation which are the key pillars of overall development in any society (AARP, 2010). AARP is a secondary social group whose functions are geared towards achieving high quality of life among the population. The organization has significantly transformed the attitude of Americans towards old age. National association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP) is a civil rights organization that diligently fights for the social justice of the minority groups in America. It was founded in 1909 and it’s the largest of its kind in the United States (NAACP, 2010). Ever since 1941, the organization has been the driving force behind civil rights advocacy in the United States. The organization spearheaded the enactment of 1964 civil rights act, the voting rights passed in 1965, and the1968 fair housing act among other achievements. It aims at promoting voting and voter education among the youth as a way of airing their preferences as wel l as promoting voting rights (NAACP, 2010). The organization further focuses on diverse issues such as climate change facing the country e.g. the hurricane Katrina. It has established climate justice initiative that was created for the purpose of mobilizing and educating people on the climate issue to enable them address the problem of climate change facing the society (NAACP, 2010). The organization has also devised mechanisms to uplift civil and human rights as they relate to economic opportunities (NAACP, 2010). It aims at ensuring that there is just and fair allocation of resources as the country embarks on a road towards economic recovery. It further promotes national education program by ensuring that American students have access to equal and high quality public education by discouraging racial and ethnic disparities prevalent in public institutions (NAACP, 2010). This organization is also a secondary social group whose aim is promoting the rights of the minority groups in Am erica. Bureaucratic Characteristics of Organizations The above bureaucratic organizations are characterized by division of labor where all tasks are classified into highly specialized fields which are allocated to qualified personnel (Lunenburg, 2007). The organizations also have an outlined hierarchy of authority that flows from the board of directors to the employees through senior staff. Bureaucracies are characterized by Impersonality (Lunenburg, 2007) which checks favorism and prejudice among staff members. In these institutions, recruitment, employment and promotions are based on competence and qualification and every task in the organizations is governed by outlined rules to ensure uniformity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Association of Retired Persons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, extensive division of labor kills innovation and promotes monotony. Reliance to rules in these s tructures often results in inertia and rigidity and the organizations practically promote downward communication only. Conclusion Social groups play an important role in the society as they strive to ensure that the rights of individuals are not violated against. To ensure their effectiveness, the government and the society should support them in their activities. However, the organization should minimize bureaucratic procedures in order to achieve better results. Reference List Lunenburg, F. E. Ornstein, A. C (2007). Educational administration: Concepts and practices, NY: Cengage learning publishers. NAACP (2010). Advocacy and issues. Official website. Web. Rother, J. (2010). Aging as a global issue. AARP. Web.

The Great ha-jin essays

The Great ha-jin essays Ha Jin has written many unique stories that have influenced a large number of readers. One of his more popular stories, The Bridegroom dealt with the controversial topic of homosexuality and how we, as humans, should deal with this important issue. Jins short stories, The Bridegroom were published in 2000 (Weich). There are twelve short stories in The Bridegroom and three of them were selected for The Best American Short Stories (Thomas). In the title story, he writes about the authors adopted daughter who gets married to a handsome guy but he turns out to be a homosexual (Jin). The Bridegroom is an interesting story because it keeps the reader wondering what will happen at the end of the story. Claire Messud of The New York Times believes that this story was a great pleasure. She also believes that Ha Jin has an excellent storytelling talent. I thought the story was different because of the cultural background. I like the way Jin narrated the story and then suddenly added a twist. The Bridegroom is a very unusual story. The story is based on the authors son-in-law and his adopted daughter. The story starts of with Beina (adopted daughter of the author), who is having a hard time finding a boyfriend (Jin 91). Then, all of a sudden a guy by the name of Huang asks her to marry him (Jin 91). Later in the story, Huang gets arrested for the crime of homosexuality (Jin 95). Huangs father in law decides to put him in a mental hospital with the hope of curing him but it turns out that he can never be cured. Jin describes Huang as very kind and handsome man (92). He also points out that Huang was so handsome that all the girls in the authors factory were jealous of Beina when Huang asked her to marry him (Jin 92). He says that Huang is so handsome that he was surprised when Huang asked his daughter, Bein...

Engineering Hydrology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering Hydrology - Essay Example As a consulting engineering hydrologist, the information that is necessary in the successful implementation of this development plan is the information concerning the nature of the River Boyd. Rivers are classified as either perennial, ephemeral, and intermittent. All these classifications are brought about by base flow or storm flow and river discharge. The various methods used for river flow analysis depends on the relative frequency, duration of certain river levels, and duration of low and high flows. The discharge (Q) or stream flow of the river is the amount of water flowing in the river. More precisely, these terms are used for the volume of water that flows through a given point of the river and they combine storm flow and base flow. The points along the cross-sectional flow area and the water velocity are referred to as measurement point for discharge or stream flow. Some of the methods which are used in determination of river flow analysis are (Hauer & Gary, 2007); Floating objects methods This method takes into consideration the time taken by a floating object to cover a certain distance. All the measurements for the cross-sectional flow of the river should be done simultaneously. The formula to be used here is Q = VA where Q is discharge (m3/sec), V is river velocity (m/sec), and A is the cross-sectional area of the river (m2). The limitation of this method is that it is not accurate more so for very wide rivers such as River Boyd with approximate width of 11 m. This is because the velocity of the river keeps on varying from one point to another due to depth and cross-sectional area of the stream. Stream gauging method In this method, the cross-sectional area of the river is subdivided into proportional vertical... This essay stresses that the successful development of tinning factory requires proper understanding of the flow analysis of River Boyd. As a consulting engineering hydrologist, the information that is necessary in the successful implementation of this development plan is the information concerning the nature of the River Boyd. Rivers are classified as either perennial, ephemeral, and intermittent. All these classifications are brought about by base flow or storm flow and river discharge. The various methods used for river flow analysis depends on the relative frequency, duration of certain river levels, and duration of low and high flows. The discharge (Q) or stream flow of the river is the amount of water flowing in the river. More precisely, these terms are used for the volume of water that flows through a given point of the river and they combine storm flow and base flow. The points along the cross-sectional flow area and the water velocity are referred to as measurement point fo r discharge or stream flow. This method takes into consideration the time taken by a floating object to cover a certain distance. All the measurements for the cross-sectional flow of the river should be done simultaneously. This paper makes a conclusion that river flow analysis is can be best determined through the use of stream gauging method. This is because this method is accurate and convenient. Before setting up tinning factory, the management should ensure that they gather valuable information from Environmental Agency regarding underground drainage.